Selected Publications

This section focuses on the efficacy, process, and practical application of trauma-focused treatment, including Dr. Brand's notable "Finding Solid Ground" program.

• Brand B.L., Schielke H.J., Putnam K, Pierorazio, N.A., Nester, M.S., Robertson, J., Myrick, A.C., Loewenstein R.J., Putnam, F.W., Steele K., Boon S. & Lanius R, A. (2025). A randomized controlled trial assists individuals with complex trauma and dissociation in Finding Solid Ground. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Pierorazio, N. A., Synder, B.L., Robertson, J.L., Brand, B. L., Scheilke, H.J. & Lanius, R. (2025). Helpful aspects of a psychoeducational program for individuals with complex dissociation: An update for the Finding Solid Ground program. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Benincasa, C.A., O’Connor, S., Pierorazio, N.A., Wentling, S., Brand, B.L. & Schielke, H.J. (2024). Inpatient outcomes following admission to stabilization-focused complex trauma- and dissociation-specific unit. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Brand, B.L., Schielke, H.J., Schiavone, F., & Lanius, R.A. (2022). Finding Solid Ground: Overcoming Obstacles in Trauma Treatment. Oxford University Press. (Book)

• Schielke, H.J., Brand, B.L. & Lanius, R.A. (2022). The Finding Solid Ground Program Workbook: Overcoming Obstacles in Trauma Recovery. Oxford University Press. (Workbook)

• Brand, B.L. (2024). The Concise Guide to the Assessment and Treatment of Trauma-related Dissociation. American Psychological Association Books. (Book)

• Brand, B.L., Schielke, H., Putnam, K., Putnam, F., & Loewenstein, R.J., Myrick, A., Jepsen, E.K.K., Langeland, W. Steele, K. Classen, C., Lanius, R.A. (2019). An online educational program for individuals with dissociative disorders and their clinicians: One-year and two-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress.

• Myrick, A., Webermann, A. R., Loewenstein, R. J., Lanius, R., Putnam, F. W. & Brand, B. L.(2017). Six-year follow-up of the treatment of patients with dissociative disorders study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Myrick, A. C., Webermann, A. R., Langeland, W., Putnam, F. W. & Brand, B. L. (2017). Treatment of dissociative disorders and reported changes in inpatient and outpatient cost estimates. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Myrick, A. C., Chasson, G. S., Lanius, R., Leventhal, B., & Brand, B. L. (2015). Treatment of complex dissociative disorders: A comparison of interventions reported by community therapists versus those recommended by experts. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2014). Dispelling myths about dissociative identity disorder treatment: An empirically based approach. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes.

• Brand, B. L. & Loewenstein, R. J. (2014). Does phasic trauma treatment make patients with dissociative identity disorder treatment more dissociative? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Cronin, E., Brand, B. L., & Mattanah, J. F. (2014). The impact of the therapeutic alliance on treatment outcome in patients with dissociative disorders. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Myrick, A. C. , Loewenstein, R. J., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R. A., Pain, C. & Putnam, F. W. (2013). A longitudinal, naturalistic study of dissociative disorder patients treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

• Brand, B. L., Myrick, A. C., Loewenstein, R. J., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R., McNary, S. W., Pain, C., & … Putnam, F. W. (2012). A survey of practices and recommended treatment interventions among expert therapists treating patients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Brand, B. L., Classen, C., McNary, S. W., & Zaveri, P. (2009). A review of dissociative disorders treatment studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.

• Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R. A., Loewenstein, R. J., & McNary, S. W., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. W. (2009). A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

This group contains studies focused on the challenging task of distinguishing genuine symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) from those that are simulated or feigned, often within forensic or legal contexts.

• Finley, J.D.A., Barth, M. & Brand, B.L. (2024). Distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder using the Morel Emotional Numbing Test. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Ambrose, T., Giarrantano, K.J., McCue, M.L., Brand, B.L., & Dalenberg, C. J. (2023). Utility of the MMPI-2 in differentiating genuine from feigned dissociative identity disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy.

• Barth, M.R., Brand, B.L. & Nester, M.S. (2023). Distinguishing Clinical and Simulated Dissociative Identity Disorder using the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy.

• Brand, B.L. & Brown, L. (2023). True Drama or True Trauma? Forensic Trauma Assessment and the Challenge of Detecting Malingering. In Dorahy, M. J., Gold, S., & O’Neil, J. (Eds.). Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: Past, Present, Future (2nd Ed).

• Brand, B.L., Barth, M., Schlumpf, Y.R., Littenheid, C., Schielke, H.J., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E.M., Nijenhuis , E.R.S., Jäncke , L., & Reinders, A.A.T.S. (2021). The Utility of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology for distinguishing individuals with dissociative identity disorder (DID) from DID simulators and healthy controls. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Brand, B.L. & Brown, L. (in press). True Drama or True Trauma? Forensic Trauma Assessment and the Challenge of Detecting Malingering. In Dorahy, M. J., Gold, S., & O’Neil, J. (Eds.). Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: Past, Present, Future (2nd Ed).

• Brand, B.L., Webermann, A.R., Snyder, B.L. & Kaliush, P.R. (2019). Detecting Genuine and Simulated Dissociative Identity Disorder with the Test of Memory Malingering. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy.

• Palermo, C.A. & Brand, B.L. (2019). Can the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 distinguish coached simulators from dissociative disorder patients? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

• Brand, B.L., Schielke, H., & Brams, J.(2017). Assisting the Courts in Understanding and Connecting with Experiences of Disconnection: Addressing Trauma-Related Dissociation as a Forensic Psychologist, Part I. Psychological Injury & Law.

• Brand, B.L., Schielke, H. & Brams, J. & DiComo, R. A. (2017). Assessing Trauma-Related Dissociation in Forensic Contexts: Addressing Trauma-Related Dissociation as a Forensic Psychologist, Part II. Psychological Injury & Law.

• Vissia, E. M., Mechteld, E. G., Chalavi, S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Brand, B. L., & Reinders, A. A. T. (2016). Is it trauma- or fantasy-based? Comparing dissociative identity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, simulators, and controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.

• Brand, B. L., Chasson, G. S., Polermo, C. A., Donato, F. M., Rhodes, K. P., & Voorhees, E. F. (2016). Truth is in the details: A comparison of MMPI-2 item endorsements by patients with dissociative identity disorder patients versus simulators. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

• Brand, B. L., Tursich, M., Tzall, D., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2014). Utility of the SIRS-2 in distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

• Brand, B. L., & Chasson, G. S. (2014). Distinguishing simulated from genuine dissociative identity disorder on the MMPI-2. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

This critical section addresses the core debate in the field, challenging common myths and providing empirical evidence for the trauma-based model of dissociation, including the dissociative subtype of PTSD.

• Snyder, B.L., Boyer, S., Caplan, J. & Brand, B.L. (2024). It’s Not Just a Movie: Perceived Impact of Misportrayals of Dissociative Identity Disorder in the Media on Self and Treatment. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Loewenstein, R.J. & Brand, B.L. (2023). Dissociative identity disorder: A disorder of diagnostic and therapeutic paradoxes. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.

• Dalenberg, C., Brand, B.L., Loewenstein, R.J., Frewen, P., & Spiegel, D. (2020) scientific discourse on traumatic dissociation: Progress made and obstacles to further resolution. Psychological Injury & Law.

• Brand, B.L., Dalenberg, C.J., Frewen, P.A., Loewenstein, R.J., Schielke, H.J., Brams, J.S. & Spiegel, D. (2018). Trauma-related dissociation is no fantasy: Addressing the Omissions and Errors in Merckelbach and Patihis. Psychological Injury & Law.

• Brand, B. L., & Pasko, D. (2017). Split is based on myths about dissociative identity disorder. PsycCritiques.

• Tyson, B. D., & Brand, B. L. (2017). Traumatic dissociation: Theory, assessment, and treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice.

• Brand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Kruger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016). Separating fact from fiction: An empirical examination of common myths about dissociative identity disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry.

• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Cardeña, E. B., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., Spiegel, D. (2014). Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et al. (2014). Psychological Bulletin.

• Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (August, 2014). Denying dissociation and attacking mental health care. Psychiatric Times.

• Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2013). DID patients are found and researched more widely than Boysen and Van Bergen recognized. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.

• Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2013). Disinformation about dissociation: Dr. Joel Paris’ notions about dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.

• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., & … Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin.

• Lanius, R., Brand, B. L., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence and implications. Depression and Anxiety.

• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B. L., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence of a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry.

This category groups papers that empirically study the specific symptoms, correlates, and expression of dissociative disorders, including self-harm and emotion regulation.

• Kwok, W. K., Chiu, C. D., Brand, B. L., Chan, L. K. N., & Ho, H. L. (2024). Child dissociation: the descriptive psychopathology analysis of a case. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Nester, M.S., Pierorazio, N.A., Shandler, G. & Brand, B.L. (2023). Characteristics, Methods, and Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Highly Dissociative Individuals. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Nester, M.S., Brand, B.L., Schielke, H.J., & Kumar, S.A. (2022). An Examination of the Relations Between Emotion Dysregulation, Dissociation, and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Dissociative Disorder Patients. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Nester, M.S., Boi, C., Brand, B.L., & Schielke, H.J. (2022). The Reasons Dissociative Disorder Patients Self-Injure. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Frewen, P., Brand, B.L., Schielke, H.J., McPhail, I.V., & Lanius, R. (2022) Examining the 4-D Model in Persons Enrolled in the TOP DD Internet Intervention, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Brand, B. L., & Lanius, R. A. (2014). Chronic complex dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder: Disorders of emotion dysregulation? Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation.

• Webermann, A. R., & Brand, B. L. (2017). Mental illness and violent behavior: The role of dissociation. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation.

• Webermann, A. R., Myrick, A. C., Taylor, C. L., Chasson, G. S., & Brand, B. L. (2016). Dissociative, depressive, and PTSD severity as correlates of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in dissociative disorder patients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Brand, B. L., Armstrong, J. G., Loewenstein, R. J., & McNary, S. W. (2009). Personality differences on the Rorschach of dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder and psychotic inpatients. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

This theme focuses on the use, utility, and validation of standardized clinical and diagnostic instruments for trauma and dissociative disorders.

• Pierorazio, N. A., Brand, B. L., & Goldenson, J. (2025). Dissociation-informed assessment: Process-related guidance. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research Practice, and Policy.

• Evans, F. B., Brand, B. L., & Kaser-Boyd, N. (2023). Assessment of bipolar and psychological trauma spectrum disorders. In J. H. Kleiger & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Psychological Assessment of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders.

• Mychailyszyn, M.P., Brand, B.L., Webermann, A.R. Şar, V. & Draijer, N. (2020). Differentiating dissociative from non-dissociative disorders: A meta-analysis of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Eidhof, M.B., Heide, F.J.J., van Der Aa, N., Schreckenbach, M. Schmidt, U., Spiegel, D., Brand, B.L., ., Loewenstein, R.J., Lanius, R.A., Spiegel, D., & Vermetten, V. (2019). The Dissociative Subtype of PTSD-Interview (DSPI): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Stadnik, R., Brand, B. L., & Savoca, A. (2013). Personality Assessment Inventory profile and predictors of elevations among dissociative disorder patients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

This section contains papers that address the training of clinicians, the experiences of therapists working with DID, and broader professional/societal topics related to complex trauma.

• Pierorazio, N.A., Snyder, B.L., Chang, M., Israel, B. S., Brand, B.L. (2025). How psychotherapists who practice with clients with dissociative identity disorder experience their work: a reflexive thematic analysis. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research.

• Myrick, A., Schielke, H.J. & Brand, B.L. (2024). Changes in Therapists’ Knowledge of Symptom Management and Stabilization following Program Co-Participation with Dissociative Patients. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

• Salter, M., Brand, B.L., Robinson, M., Loewenstein, R.J., Silberg, J. & Korzekwa, M. (2024). Self-diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder on social media: Conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry.

• Purcell, J.B., Brand, B., Browne, H. A., Chefetz, R. A., Shanahan, M., Bair, Z. A., Baranowski, K.A., Davis, V., Mangones, P., Modell, R.L, Palermo, C.A., Robertson, E.C., Robinson, M.A., Ward, L., Winternitz, S. Kaufman, M.L., & Lebois, L. A. M (2024). Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.

• Nester, M.S., Spicher, B., Pierorazio, N.A., Brand, B.L. & McEwen, L.E. (2024). Coverage of child maltreatment in undergraduate psychopathology textbooks. Psychological Theory: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy.

• Henning, J.A., Courtois, C.A., & Brand, B.L. (2021). Graduate training and certification in trauma treatment for clinical practitioners. Training and Education in Professional Psychology.

• Kumar, S., Brand, B.L., & Courtois, C.A. (2019). The need for trauma training: Clinicians’ reactions to training on complex trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Henning, J. & Brand, B.L., (2019). Implications of the APA PTSD Treatment Guideline for trauma education and Training. Psychotherapy.

• Brand, B. L., Kumar, S. A., & McEwen, L. E. (2019). Coverage of child maltreatment and adult trauma in graduate psychopathology textbooks. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Wilgus, S. J., Packer, M. M., Lile-King, R., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Brand, B. L. (2016). Coverage of child maltreatment in abnormal psychology textbooks: Reviewing the adequacy of the content. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy.

• Middleton, M., Stavropoulos, P., Dorahy, M. J., Krüger, C., Lewis-Fernández, R., Martínez-Taboas, A., Sar, V., & Brand, B. L. (2014). Institutional abuse and societal silence: An emerging global problem. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.

• International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation [Chu, J. A., Dell, P. F., Van der Hart, O., Cardeña, E., Barach, P. M., Somer, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B. L., et al.] (2011). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, 3rd revision. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.

This final section focuses on the lived experience of highly dissociative individuals, their perception of treatment, and obstacles to care.

• Pierorazio, N.A., Robertson, J.L., Nester, M.S. & Brand, B.L. (2024). “They Thought I Was Just Making It Up:” Dissociative Individuals’ Understandings of their Dissociation, Perceptions of their Clinicians’ Conceptualizations of Dissociation, and Discrepancies Between Them. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

• Nester, M. S., Pierorazio, N., Shandler, G., & Brand, B. (2024). “Not Bad, Just hard:” A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Reactions to Research Participation Among Highly Dissociative Individuals. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma.

• Pierorazio, N.A., Nester, M.S., Shandler, G., & Brand, B.L. (2024). “This ‘prison’ where I cannot heal”: Interactions of culture, dissociation, and treatment among individuals who dissociate. European Journal of Trauma and Dissociation.

• Nester, M.S., Hawkins, S.L., & Brand, B.L.. (2022). Barriers to Accessing and Continuing Mental Health Treatment among Individuals with Dissociative Symptoms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

• Myrick, A. C., Brand, B. L., & Putnam, F. W. (2013). For better or worse: The role of revictimization and stress in the course of treatment for dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation.